Procedure:

Removal of:

• Entire kidney
• Surrounding fatty tissue
• Sometimes nearby lymph nodes and adrenal gland if involved

Commonly Recommended For:

• Large kidney tumors
• Locally advanced renal cancers

Surgical Approaches:

• Open surgery
• Laparoscopic nephrectomy
• Robotic-assisted nephrectomy

Advantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery:

• Smaller incisions
• Less pain
• Faster recovery
• Reduced hospital stay

Commonly Recommended For:

• Small kidney tumors
• Patients with reduced kidney function
• Bilateral kidney tumors

Benefits:

• Preserves kidney function
• Excellent cancer control in selected patients
• Reduced long-term risk of kidney disease

Modern Techniques:

• Robotic partial nephrectomy is increasingly preferred for precision and faster recovery.

Procedure:

Removal of:

• Entire urinary bladder
• Nearby lymph nodes
• Adjacent organs if required

In Men:

• Prostate and seminal vesicles may also be removed)

In Women:

• Uterus, ovaries, or part of the vagina may sometimes be removed

Urinary Reconstruction:

After bladder removal, urine diversion is created using:

• Ileal conduit (urostomy)
• Neobladder reconstruction
• Continent urinary reservoir

Goals:

• Complete cancer removal
• Restoration of urinary drainage

Procedure:

• A camera and surgical instrument are passed through the urethra.
• The bladder tumor is removed without external incisions.

Commonly Used For:

• Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
• Diagnosis and staging

Advantages:

• Minimally invasive
• Short hospital stay
• Faster recovery

May Be Followed By:

• Intravesical therapy such as BCG treatment

Procedure:

Procedure:

• Entire prostate gland
• Seminal vesicles
• Sometimes nearby lymph nodes

Surgical Approaches:

• Open prostatectomy
• Laparoscopic prostatectomy
• Robotic-assisted prostatectomy

Goals:

• Complete cancer removal
• Preservation of urinary continence and sexual function whenever possible

Benefits of Robotic Surgery:

• Enhanced precision
• Less bleeding
• Faster recovery
• Better visualization of nerves and structures

Procedure:

• The testicle is removed through a small groin incision.

Purpose:

• Diagnosis and treatment
• Prevention of cancer spread

Commonly Recommended For:

• Seminoma
• Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

Recovery:

• Most patients recover quickly
• Testicular prosthesis may be offered for cosmetic restoration

Procedure:

• Removal of lymph nodes from the back of the abdomen (retroperitoneum)

Indications:

• Residual disease after chemotherapy
• Certain non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

Goals:

• Remove remaining cancer cells
• Improve long-term cure rates

Partial Penectomy

• Only the cancerous portion is removed

Total Penectomy

• Entire penis is removed in advanced disease

Goals:

• Complete cancer clearance
• Preservation of urinary function whenever possible

May Be Combined With:

• Groin lymph node surgery if lymph nodes are involved

Surgical Approaches:

May involve removal of:

• Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
• Open surgery for large or invasive tumors

Commonly Recommended For:

• Adrenal cortical tumors
• Functional adrenal tumors
• Selected metastatic cancers

Purpose:

• Determine spread of disease
• Improve staging accuracy
• Guide further treatment

Common Areas:

• Pelvic lymph nodes
• Retroperitoneal lymph nodes
• Inguinal lymph nodes